Vitalik published an article outlining Ethereum's long-term roadmap. Lean Ethereum will be the third major iteration

According to Vitalik Buterin's post, Ethereum researchers recently held a meeting in Berlin to update the agreement's long-term development roadmap (strawmap.org). Vitalik pointed out that “Lean Ethereum” is not a single upgrade, but rather a series of improvements that will be implemented in stages over the next three to four years. Its importance is comparable to a “merger”, covering the restructuring of almost every core module of the agreement.

The main contents include: verification mechanism: introducing recursive STARKs to replace existing direct reexecution methods and become the core component at the protocol level; quantum security: priority has been greatly raised, all quantum vulnerable components will be replaced, and quantum security blob design is already underway; consensus layer: decoupling usable chains and finality to achieve one to two rounds of finality, with better security and lower latency; state layer: the existing dynamic state remains the same, but new states with more scalability (such as UTXO storage, ring buffers, etc.) will be added. It is expected that Ethereum will have it in 2030 2 TB dynamic state + 100 TB of new state, gas costs can be reduced by more than 10 times after application migration; privacy: upgraded from additional features to a first-level goal, penetrating Mempool, state tree, etc.; VM: LeanISA or RISC-V will be introduced in addition to EVM, and the long-term goal is only direct at the protocol layer. ERC20