比特币协议层 · 5

Panoramic review of the Bitcoin protocol layer in 2025

Source: ChainFeeds ResearchBitcoin Optech's annual summary has historically been viewed as a technical weather vane for the Bitcoin ecosystem. It doesn't focus on currency price fluctuations; it only records the most realistic pulsations of the Bitcoin protocol and critical infrastructure. The 2025 report revealed a clear trend: Bitcoin is experiencing a paradigm shift from “passive defense” to “active evolution.” Over the past year, the community was no longer satisfied with fixing bugs, but began to systematically address survival-level threats (such as quantum computing) and aggressively explore the boundaries of scalability and programmability without sacrificing decentralization. This report is not only a memorandum from developers, but also a key index for understanding Bitcoin's asset attributes, cybersecurity, and governance logic in the next five to ten years. Core Findings Looking at 2025, Bitcoin's technological evolution showed three core characteristics. This is also the key to understanding the following 10 major events: Preemption: Defense roadmap against quantum threats has become clear and practical for the first time, and security thinking extends from the “now” to the “post-quantum era.” Functional stratification: High-density discussions on the soft fork proposal and the “hot plug” evolution of the Lightning network show that Bitcoin is achieving the architectural goals of “stable at the bottom and flexible at the top layer” through hierarchical protocols. Decentralized infrastructure: From mining protocols (Stratum v2) to node verification (uTreexo/SwiftSync), significant engineering resources have been invested in lowering participation thresholds and improving censorship resistance, with the aim of countering the centralized gravitational pull of the physical world. Bitcoin Optech's annual report covers hundreds or thousands of code submissions, mailgroup discussions, and BIP proposals over the past year. To extract the real signal from technical noise, I excluded updates limited to “local optimization” and screened out the following 10 events that had a structural impact on the ecology. 1. Systematic Defense of Quantum Threats and the “Hardening Roadmap” [Status: Research and Long-term Proposals] 2025 marks a qualitative change in the Bitcoin community's attitude towards quantum computing threats, shifting from theoretical discussions to engineering preparations. BIP360 received a number and changed its name to P2TSH (Pay to Tapscript Hash). This is seen both as an important stepping stone on the quantum hardening route, and more generally serves certain Taproot use cases (such as promise structures that don't require internal keys). At the same time, the community thoroughly discussed more specific quantum security verification solutions, including using OP_CAT to construct Winternitz signatures, discussing STARK verification as a native scripting capability, and optimizing the on-chain cost of hash signature schemes (such as SLH-DSA/SPHINCS+) on the premise of introducing corresponding scripting capabilities in the future (such as re-introducing OP_CAT or adding signature verification operation codes). The reason this topic is at the top is because it touches on the mathematical cornerstone of Bitcoin. If quantum computing actually weakens the discrete logarithm hypothesis of elliptic curves in the future (thereby threatening the security of ECDSA/Schnorr signatures), it will cause systemic migration pressure and secure stratification of historical output. This forces Bitcoin to prepare an upgrade path ahead of time at the protocol and wallet layers. For long-term holders, choosing a hosting plan with an upgrade roadmap and security audit culture, and focusing on possible future migration windows will become compulsory courses in asset preservation. 2. Blowout of soft fork proposals: the cornerstone of building a “programmable vault” [Status: High Density Discussion/Draft Stage] This year was a high-intensity discussion year for soft fork proposals, focusing on how to unleash the expressive power of scripts while maintaining minimalism. Contractual proposals such as CTV (BIP119) and CSFS (BIP348), as well as technologies such as LUNHANCE and OP_TEMPLATEHASH, are all trying to introduce more secure “restrictive clauses” for Bitcoin. In addition, OP_CHECKCONTRACTVERIFY (CCV) became BIP443, and various arithmetic operation code and script recovery proposals are waiting for consensus. These seemingly obscure upgrades actually add new “laws of physics” to global value networks. They are expected to make the native “vaults (vaults)” structure simpler, more secure, and standardisable, so that users can set up deferred withdrawals...

243d agoWendy#2026 topics #Bitcoin protocol layer #Bitcoin layer #quantum computing

Wu said the best of Zhou: The attack on Radiant Capital sparked panic, the public sale of Trump family projects, and the top 10 virtual asset content and news in the Hong Kong Policy Address

Author | Wu said Blockchain The content of this article is for information sharing only, and does not promote or endorse any business or investment activity. Readers are requested to strictly abide by local laws and regulations and not participate in any illegal financial acts. This Week's Top 101 News BlackRock CEO: Bitcoin itself is an asset class, and is discussing its allocation issues with global institutions Bloomberg ETF analyst Eric Balchunas tweeted BlackRock CEO Larry Fink's full quote of Bitcoin/digital assets during the third quarter earnings call. Fink said that Bitcoin assets themselves are an asset class, and they are discussing allocation issues with global institutions. These assets remind him of the early stages of the mortgage market (currently worth $11 trillion). Furthermore, the President of the United States will have no real influence on this. I think the application of this form of investment will expand to the role of Ethereum because blockchain can grow significantly. 2. Aspen Digital: 94% of Asia's private wealth has invested or is considering investing in cryptocurrency Aspen Digital's latest report shows that interest in cryptocurrencies in Asia is growing significantly. According to the survey, 76% of Asia's private wealth is already involved in digital assets, and another 18% plan to invest in the future, up to 94% in total. The report surveyed 80 family offices and high-net-worth individuals in Asia, and most respondents managed assets between $10 million and $500 million. Compared to just 58% of respondents involved in digital assets in 2022, this percentage is a significant increase. With spot Bitcoin ETFs being approved in the US and Hong Kong, 53% of respondents gained exposure to cryptocurrencies through funds or ETFs. 3. a16z Crypto released a report saying that global cryptocurrency activity and usage reached a record high a16z Crypto released a report stating that global cryptocurrency activity and usage reached a record high. According to the report, as of September of this year, the number of global cryptocurrency holders was about 617 million, with 60 million monthly active users, of which the US accounts for 12% of global mobile wallet users. Additionally, the value of ETH through Layer 2 has increased by 36%, while payment fees have decreased by 94%. The report also notes that since the US approved the Bitcoin ETF in January of this year, its cumulative trading volume has reached 437.6 billion US dollars. 4. Vitalik published an article discussing the future development of the Ethereum Protocol The SurgeVitalik released a new article: “Possible Futures for the Ethereum Protocol, Part 2: The Surge”. The key goals are as follows: achieve 100,000+ TPS on L1+L2; maintain the decentralization and robustness of L1; at least some L2 completely inherits the core attributes of Ethereum (no trust, openness, censorship resistance); for maximum interoperability between L2, Ethereum should be like an ecosystem rather than 34 different blockchains. The article stated that the task now is to complete the rollup-centered roadmap and resolve related issues while maintaining the robustness and decentralization of Ethereum L1. 5. Monochrome will launch Australia's first Ethereum spot ETF on Cboe Monochrome Asset Management is preparing to launch Australia's first Ethereum spot ETF IETH on Cboe, and the fund will begin trading on Monday. According to reports, the fund positions itself as the world's first fund to provide physical Ethereum subscriptions and redemptions. Earlier in June, Monochrome Asset Management launched Australia's first Bitcoin spot ETF IBTC on Cboe Australia. 6. Radiant Capital suffered a cyber attack, losing more than 50 million US dollars. In the early morning of October 17, the cross-chain lending agreement Radiant Capital suffered a cyber attack and lost more than 50 million US dollars. Radian...

672d agody zhang#Radiant Capital #Ethereum #Wu says blockchain is real #Trump #BlackRock

Interview with Dr. Golden Dog: How to find Golden Dog Alpha in the Bitcoin ecosystem?

Exclusively revealing the precious moments and wonderful details of Casey's trip to Taipei on the 1st anniversary of Ordinals for the first time. Original author: Jaleel Last year, Dr. Golden Dog discovered the Ordinals Protocol and quickly participated in it, starting his own new exploration by building a full node. Out of his love for the open source community, he proposed to Casey to establish the Ordinals Chinese Community and was honored to be the only Chinese administrator. Although it was a volunteer job, Dr. Golden Dog found joy in it and actively promoted the prosperity of the Ordinals Chinese community. He regularly shares the latest state of the Chinese community with the team, and encourages community members to actively organize their own communities. Additionally, he led the translation of the Ordinals Agreement white paper and contributed a great deal to the promotion of Ordinals. First on the right: Dr. Golden Dog; second on the right: Casey; third on the right: Jack Kong On the first anniversary of the birth of the Ordinals zero inscription, Dr. Golden Dog and Casey had an offline party in Taipei, where many sparks collided. Afterwards, he also helped Grandpa Bao learn about Bitcoin and the inscription ecosystem, and shared his deep insights in the industry with him. To learn more about Dr. Jinglee Dr. Golden Dog (@ordjingle)'s story and experience, BlockBeats had an in-depth exchange with Dr. Golden Dog. The first anniversary of Ordinals, a trip to Taipei with Casey BlockBeats: Many community friends and fans don't know Dr. Golden Dog in particular. Could you please introduce yourself first, including your resume, story of getting into the ring, etc. Dr. Golden Dog: My professional background is project management, but my personal hobbies and interests have always been in new technologies such as IT and the Internet. As early as the beginning of 2000, I published research papers on virtual technology (such as VRML, VR3D, etc.) and artificial intelligence MAS in industry applications in Chinese academic journals. My love for new technology also introduced me to P2P technology around 2002. At that time, it was mainly used for breakpoint transmission in narrow bandwidth scenarios, such as the famous Ant, Flashget, and Bittorrent. This made it easier for me to understand the design ideas for the Bitcoin network that followed. Around 2013-15, I carefully read a book translated into Chinese about how Bitcoin and blockchain work, and that's when I began to have some understanding of Bitcoin. I almost started getting really close to Bitcoin around 2017. At that time, my friends started mining domestically, and the price of Bitcoin rose from about a few thousand yuan to about 10,000 yuan. I remember that at the time, physical coins that issued BTC were also used as collectibles. Beginning in 2021, I considered myself officially involved in the cryptocurrency field and named myself Dr. Golden Dog in the virtual world. This is because it's very difficult to name my family. His birthday is Christmas, and I often hear the song Jingle Bell, so I named him Jingle, Golden Dog; I also wanted to discover more golden dogs and lose a little less local dogs through research. Therefore, the Chinese name is Dr. Golden Dog. As for the English name, I had a meeting with Casey once, and we were very passionate about creating vocabulary. He hilariously said that JingLee is more like a personal name, so I sometimes use Jinglee for my English ID. Although the name is just a code name, many people slowly get to know it, so they don't change it casually. BlockBeats: I'm sure everyone would like to know how you came into contact with and participated in the construction of the Ordinals Agreement. Can you talk to us about it? Also, on Twitter, how do you position your identity, is it a transactional KOL or a KOL with cognitive analysis influence? Dr. Golden Dog: I generally position myself as an independent researcher rather than a KOL. This is probably my arrogance and prejudice. The use of “KOL” in the Chinese context sometimes seems like cursing people. I usually do some research, watch some new projects, and publish my research results. In the past, I often posted earlier than I created it myself because I couldn't wait to share it, and I felt like a reporter collecting live news. Since then, I've also maintained a relatively independent style. Slowly, people may think I'm more reliable, and my number of fans is gradually...

902d agody zhang#ARK #BRC #BTT #NFTs #Ordinals #Ethereum #Bitcoin

Comparative article: Bitcoin Circle Sun Zhengyi — Who invests $0.25 in Ethereum? (1)

Editor's note: This is an exclusive interview series about “Coin World Legends”. “Comparative” begins with his participation in Bitcoin mining and the birth of the Ethereum Chinese white paper, focusing on Guru's experience in the cryptocurrency field, reviewing the twists and turns that the Ethereum community has experienced, the pitfalls Guru has stepped on his way to starting a business, and sharing his layout and prospects in the cryptocurrency field. I hope everyone can enjoy business opportunities everywhere in the cryptocurrency industry. Guru translates Ethereum into “Ethereum” and “The name Ethereum gives people the feeling that they are roaming in space.” Guru said to “Comparing”. “The symbol of Ethereum is an element. The Chinese name for ether is an organic compound. If translated directly into Chinese, it seems too dull. The word “square” plays a finishing role in the Chinese translation of “Ethereum.” Gulu believes that the blockchain smart contract platform is like a city. The city has interlaced transportation networks, and there are also many communities that form a small ecosystem. They interact with each other and are well connected to form a large ecosystem with network effects. The design and infrastructure construction of this city is very important. Specifically, blockchain is its throughput (TPS). Only large throughput can accommodate more Dapps, and the interaction between Dapps can form a synergetic effect. Gollum, real name is Lu Bin. The name Guru is inspired by “Lord of the Rings.” Gollum in “The Lord of the Rings” is relentless in her pursuit of the Lord of the Rings, even if it shatters to the bone. Gollum in the blockchain field has the same obsession with the pursuit of blockchain technology as Gollum in “Lord of the Rings.” Guru believes that the energy of blockchain has no less change and impact on the real world than the Demon Realm. What we have discovered now is only the tip of the iceberg of the energy that blockchain gives to the world... (Photo: Sohu Entertainment) Guru is a blockchain legend. He has many aura: Masayoshi Sun from the cryptocurrency community, translator of the Chinese version of the Ethereum and MakerDAO white papers, blockchain fund manager, blockchain columnist, founder of several blockchain projects, the most famous of which are “Binance” and “MYKEY.” Gulu is also the CEO of Shanghai Xindi Information Technology Co., Ltd., the founder of the Bitcoin Blockchain Research Club, the founder of the Blockchain Venture Capital Alliance, and the co-founder of Babbitt. Guru hasn't posted a column in a long time. Recently, his article “Guru Stepping on Lightning” instantly made headlines in leading blockchain media. Guru has an outstanding record in investment. He participated in Ethereum's ICO fundraising with a purchase price of about $0.25 back then. The fund he is in charge of has outperformed Bitcoin's rise in the same year in terms of return on investment. After graduating from Zhejiang University in 2007, Gulu went to the US to study for a doctorate degree in mechanical engineering. As a science and technology guy, Guru is actually curious about the field of economics and finance. In his spare time, he teaches himself a lot of knowledge about this. Gollum is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) level. This is a very difficult and high-value financial license. As we all know, Bitcoin is a new thing that is very difficult to grasp. A thorough understanding of Bitcoin requires strong economic, financial and technical knowledge. Some Xiaobai, like me, felt in the clouds after hearing the concept of Bitcoin; some experts in economics and finance were able to understand the subtlety of Bitcoin's design and understood that it was an attack on banks, but lacked execution to buy Bitcoin or participate in Bitcoin mining; others started Bitcoin mining a long time ago, but the hard drive that stores Bitcoin was actually thrown in the trash, becoming historical data describing Bitcoin. In October 2010, Guru first met Bitcoin. Like most people, it takes time for him to understand and digest this new thing, like alien technology. In 2011/6, Guru began mining Bitcoin and has been following the latest trends in the Bitcoin and crypto industry in his spare time. As you can imagine, Guru has a very good understanding of Bitcoin's hard core technology and economic and financial knowledge, and has strong execution ability. Many people had tens of thousands of bitcoins in the early days; however, some exchanged these bitcoins for 2 Pizzas, some exchanged them for a pleasant trip, and others lost their Bitcoin due to speculative gains in the volatile market where it was like a roller coaster. Since 2011, Guru has been working as a Bitcoin miner while insisting on spending an hour every day studying the latest information on the blockchain industry and grasping the pulse of the blockchain industry. According to Guru, blockchain applications represented by Bitcoin are a paradigm shift. Once you understand this, you won't hesitate or doubt when winter comes. Bitcoin's price has risen exponentially over a decade,...

2266d agoClaire Wu#Ethereum #cryptocurrency #blockchain #Gollum #Bitcoin

Betting on sidechains and Lightning Network, 'Blockstream' wants to improve Bitcoin's future

Many people believe that Bitcoin is the future of the financial system. However, as the blockchain audience expands and application scenarios expand, early hidden problems such as performance are unquestionably preventing Bitcoin from becoming the future. The method of creating competitive coins can indeed promote innovation, but it will dilute the value of Bitcoin to a certain extent; if the upgrade is carried out directly on the Bitcoin blockchain, possible failures and security risks have a great impact; in addition, due to the characteristics of Bitcoin's network structure, it is also necessary to obtain consensus from miners if large-scale changes are made. As a result, developers are trying to improve Bitcoin's scalability problem through sidechains (sidechains). As a new blockchain based on anchoring the Bitcoin main chain, developers can upgrade the main chain performance and add new features on the sidechain without affecting the performance/latency/TPS of the main chain. Currently, the most famous Bitcoin sidechains include BTC Relay, Rootstock, and Elements. Blockstream, which Star Daily previously contacted, is a blockchain software and hardware solution service provider. It focuses on expanding the functions of the Bitcoin protocol layer, while also leading the development of sidechain expansion mechanisms. Continuing with the developer team's publication of a sidechain white paper in 2014, Blockstream created the sidechain Elements project in 2015. The element chain brings many innovative technologies to Bitcoin, including features such as private transactions, separation of evidence, relative lock time, new operation codes, signature coverage amounts, etc. As an open source project, developers can use any combination of new technologies in Elements to build and test their own Bitcoin sidechain products. Liquid is based on the Elements open source project. In October 2016, Blockstream announced the research and development of Liquid.Liquid, a sidechain for commercial applications facing the financial market. Liquid.Liquid is the first affiliate chain in the Bitcoin sidechain, which aims to provide fast, confidential and secure Bitcoin transfer services for exchanges, companies and traders. Participating exchanges and Bitcoin commerce companies can deploy corresponding software and hardware to form the Liquid network. Currently, Liquid has reached 13.3 TPS, and Bitfinex, Unocoin, Bitso, Xapo, and dozens of other unannounced exchanges have deployed Liquid. At the beginning of July this year, Blockstream launched the “Issued Assets (IA)” program. Users can create their own tokenized assets on the liquid side chain. These asset types can be traditional financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, vouchers, and debits; in addition to enabling confidential and secure Bitcoin transfers, users can also atomically exchange Bitcoin and IA, which means that in a transaction, Bitcoin can be exchanged for assets without a trusted third party. Although many merchants of Lightning Network “c-Lightning” are accepting Bitcoin payments, it is still difficult for Bitcoin to become a currency in everyday life due to payment delays, block size restrictions, and slow transaction speed. In response to this pain point, Blockstream has created a Bitcoin micropayment system, the Lightning Network “c-Lightning”, which has now been updated to the beta version (there are three types of lightning networks Eclair, LND, and C-Lightning in the blockchain world, all of which have been updated to beta versions). c-lightning allows transactions to be completed off-chain, and an expandable micropayment channel network is established based on consensus between the two parties. Both parties can make instant payments multiple times through payment channels, which can effectively resolve delays. Capacity expansion, the ultimate problem. According to the latest data from Blockstream, the Lightning Network currently has about 10,479 open channels with a capacity of 77.2 BTC. In January of this year, Blockstream launched Lightning Charge, a micropayment processing system. By using this software package, developers can use the Java and PHP libraries in the element project and connect to the REST API to implement C-Lightning functions, making it easier to create their own independent network payment facilities. Currently, Lightning Charge has been applied to the Blockstream e-commerce website, and store users can use Lightning Network payments to purchase some stickers and T-shirts on the Bitcoin main network. Blockstream satellite Other than that, Blockstream in 2017...

2940d ago492909748#cryptocurrency #Bitcoin #Market

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